旧版托福题型
本题目来自托福考试的旧版本。当前托福已采用不同的考试结构。这些历史样本仅作为练习参考保留。
题目概览
阅读段落
The Etruscans were an ancient European people who ruled northern Italy for centuries before the Roman Empire. Etruscans were skilled farmers as well as traders and seafarers. There has been a long-standing debate about the origin of the Etruscans. Some scholars believe that the Etruscans arrived in Italy from a region of Turkey, located almost a thousand miles to the east. These scholars cite several pieces of evidence to support the Turkish origin of the Etruscans. First, the scholars cite writings of Herodotus, a famous ancient historian who lived during the time of the Etruscans. According to Herodotus, the Etruscans had come from an ancient kingdom located in western Turkey. When the kingdom experienced eighteen years of famine, part of its people decided to leave and look for a new place to settle. Led by the king’s son, they left Turkey in ships and eventually reached the coast of Italy, where they founded the Etruscan kingdom. Second, the Etruscan language belongs to a family of related languages called Tyrrhenian. Traces of inscriptions in another Tyrrhenian language have been found on an island that is located near Turkey. Since people speaking related languages often come from the same area, the findings of Tyrrhenian inscriptions near Turkey suggest that Etruscans had originally lived in that region. Third, the types of cows once bred by Etruscans can still be found in northern Italy today. Genetic analysis of these old Etruscan cow breeds has revealed that they are different from the rest of the cows found in Italy and at the same time closely related to cows traditionally bred in Turkey and surrounding regions. This again suggests that the Etruscans had originally come from Turkey and brought their cows with them.
题目
writing
用户样本与评估结果
用户样本
Whether Etruscans were from a region of Turkey is the focus of both the writer and the professor. In the reading passage, three theories, including writings of Herodotus, the Estruscan language and the type of cows have been elaborated. The professor, however, claims that all such assumptions have crucial weakness. As opposed to the writing's argument that writings of Herodotus show that the Estruscans had come from Turkey, the professor claims that his book was not reliable. She advances the theory by saying that writings of Herodotus described a distant country had giant insects, which were so big that they can eat people, and such stories obviously were made up by someone, and thus stories of Estruscans in Herodotus' book might not be true. The professor continues to discredit the author's assertion that Estruscan language, related language called Tyrrhenian had originated from Turkey. The professor states that the original place of Tyrrhenian might be Italy, which is opposite to the writing. In detail, she points that Estruscans were skilled seafarers, and they might sail from Italy and settle in an island, which was near Turkey, and thereby the language might come from Italy rather than other areas around. It is the writer's third argument that the types of cows bred by Estruscans were came from Turkey, which contradicts to the view of the professor that Estruscans were important traders and they could import certain products, such as farm animals through trading connection. The professor contends that Estruscans imported some cows from Turkey, since such types of cows flourished in Italy, they stared to breeding them. An apparent divide exists between the writer and the professor on the reliability of Estruscans came from Turkey.
评估结果
1.子项得分 任务完成度：4 组织：4 连贯与衔接：4 语言使用：3
2.预估分数
25. 3.任务完成度
这篇文章在任务完成度方面表现不错，成功概括了阅读和听力材料中的观点，并进行了对比。但是，有一些地方可以改进。首先，在引用教授的观点时，可以更具体地提到教授所提到的事实和例子。其次，在总结部分，可以更明确地指出教授反驳了阅读材料中的哪些论点。
示例1： 原文：“The professor continues to discredit the author's assertion that Estruscan language, related language called Tyrrhenian had originated from Turkey.” 改进后：“The professor continues to discredit the author's assertion that Etruscan language, a related language called Tyrrhenian, had originated from Turkey by pointing out that Etruscans were skilled seafarers who might have sailed from Italy and settled on an island near Turkey.”
示例2： 原文：“An apparent divide exists between the writer and the professor on the reliability of Estruscans came from Turkey.” 改进后：“In conclusion, the professor effectively refutes each of the reading passage's arguments supporting the idea that Etruscans came from Turkey, casting doubt on their reliability.”
4.文章结构与组织 文章的结构和组织方面基本合理，包括引言、正文和结论。每段都集中讨论一个特定的观点，并提供支持细节。然而，可以改进的地方是在段落之间增加更明确的过渡词或短语，以帮助读者更好地理解文章的逻辑顺序。
示例1： 原文：“As opposed to the writing's argument that writings of Herodotus show that the Estruscans had come from Turkey, the professor claims that his book was not reliable.” 改进后：“Contrary to the reading passage's argument that writings of Herodotus show that the Etruscans had come from Turkey, the professor claims that his book was not reliable, stating that...”
示例2： 原文：“It is the writer's third argument that the types of cows bred by Estruscans were came from Turkey, which contradicts to the view of the professor...” 改进后：“Regarding the writer's third argument about Etruscan cows originating from Turkey, the professor presents a contradictory view by explaining...”
5. 语法批改
Whether Etruscans were from a region of Turkey is the focus of both the writer and the professor. In the reading passage, three theories, including writings of Herodotus, the EstruscanEtruscan(misspelling) language and the type of cows have been elaborated. The professor, however, claims that all such assumptions have crucial weakness.
As opposed to the writing's argument that writings of Herodotus show that the EstruscansEstrus cans(misspelling) had come from Turkey, the professor claims that his book was not reliable. She advances the theory by saying that writings of Herodotus described a distant country had giant insects, which were so big that they can eat people, and such stories obviously were made up by someone, and thus stories of EstruscansEstrus cans(misspelling) in Herodotus' book might not be true.
The professor continues to discredit the author's assertion that EstruscanEtruscan(misspelling) language, related language called TyrrhenianTyrrhenian,(This rule identifies whether commas are missing in a sentence.) had originated from Turkey. The professor states that the original place of Tyrrhenian might be Italy, which is opposite to the writing. In detail, she points that EstruscansEstrus cans(misspelling) were skilled seafarers, and they might sail from Italy and settle in an islandon an island(Collocation: in/on a island), which was near Turkey, and thereby the language might come from Italy rather than other areas around.
It is the writer's third argument that the types of cows bred by EstruscansEstrus cans(misspelling) were camecome(Agreement: 'been' or 'was' + past tense) from Turkey, which contradicts to the view of the professor that EstruscansEstrus cans(misspelling) were important traders and, and(comma between independent clauses) they could import certain products, such as farm animalsanimals,(This rule identifies whether commas are missing in a sentence.) through trading connection. The professor contends that EstruscansEstrus cans(misspelling) imported some cows from Turkey, since such types of cows flourished in Italy, they stared to breeding them.
An apparent divide exists between the writer and the professor on the reliability of EstruscansEstrus cans(misspelling) came from Turkey.
Section Title: 6.文章修订
The debate surrounding the origin of the Etruscans is the focus of both the reading passage and the lecture. The reading presents three pieces of evidence supporting the theory that Etruscans came from a region in Turkey, including Herodotus' writings, the Etruscan language, and the type of cows they bred. However, the professor contends that each of these arguments has significant weaknesses.
Contrary to the reading's claim that Herodotus' writings indicate that Etruscans originated from Turkey, the professor argues that his accounts are not always reliable. She supports this by mentioning a story in Herodotus' work describing giant insects in a distant country capable of consuming humans, which seems to be fabricated. Consequently, it is possible that his account of Etruscans' origins might also be inaccurate.
The professor further challenges the assertion in the reading passage that traces of a related language called Tyrrhenian found near Turkey suggest an Etruscan origin in that region. Instead, she posits that Tyrrhenian could have originated from Italy. She explains that since Etruscans were skilled seafarers, they might have sailed from Italy and settled on an island near Turkey, introducing their language to that area rather than acquiring it there.
Lastly, while the reading claims that genetic analysis of cows bred by Etruscans indicates a Turkish origin for these animals and their breeders, the professor disputes this conclusion. She emphasizes that Etruscans were important traders who could have imported products such as farm animals through their trading connections. Therefore, it is plausible that they imported cows from Turkey and began breeding them in Italy due to their success in adapting to local conditions.
A clear divide exists between the author and professor regarding whether or not evidence supports a Turkish origin for Etruscans. (292 words)
Whether Etruscans were Section Title: 7.文章批改
The debate surrounding the origin of the Etruscans is the focus of both the reading passage and the lecture. The reading presents three pieces of evidence supporting the theory that Etruscans came from a region of Turkey is the focus of both the writer and the professor. In the reading passage, three theories, in Turkey, including Herodotus' writings, the Etruscan language, and the type of cows they bred. However, the professor contends that each of these arguments has significant weaknesses (changed "crucial weakness" to "significant weaknesses" for better word choice and plural agreement).
Contrary to the reading's claim that Herodotus' writings of Herodotus, the Estruscan language and the type of cows have been elaborated. The professor, however, claims that all such assumptions have crucial weakness. ¶ As opposed to the writing's argument that writings of Herodotus show that the Estruscans had come indicate that Etruscans originated from Turkey, the professor claims argues that his accounts are not always reliable (changed "his book was not reliable. reliable" to "his accounts are not always reliable" for better clarity). She advances the theory supports this by saying that writings of Herodotus described mentioning a story in Herodotus' work describing giant insects in a distant country had giant insects, capable of consuming humans, which were so big that they can eat people, and such stories obviously seems to be fabricated (changed "obviously were made up by someone, and thus stories of Estruscans in Herodotus' book someone" to "seems to be fabricated" for better word choice). Consequently, it is possible that his account of Etruscans' origins might not also be true. inaccurate (added "it is possible that" for better clarity).
The professor continues to discredit the author's further challenges the assertion that Estruscan language, in the reading passage that traces of a related language called Tyrrhenian had found near Turkey suggest an Etruscan origin in that region. Instead, she posits that Tyrrhenian could have originated from Turkey. The professor states that the original place of Tyrrhenian might Italy (changed "might be Italy, which is opposite to the writing. In detail, she points that Estruscans Italy" to "could have originated from Italy" for better clarity). She explains that since Etruscans were skilled seafarers, and they might sail have sailed from Italy and settle in settled on an island, which was island near Turkey, and thereby the introducing their language might come from Italy to that area rather than other areas around. acquiring it there (rephrased sentence for better clarity).
It is the writer's third argument that the types Lastly, while the reading claims that genetic analysis of cows bred by Estruscans were came from Turkey, which contradicts Etruscans indicates a Turkish origin for these animals and their breeders, the professor disputes this conclusion (changed "contradicts to the view of the professor that Estruscans professor" to "the professor disputes this conclusion" for better clarity). She emphasizes that Etruscans were important traders and they who could import certain products, have imported products such as farm animals through their trading connection. The professor contends that Estruscans connections (changed "trading connection" to "trading connections" for plural agreement). Therefore, it is plausible that they imported some cows from Turkey, since such types of cows flourished in Italy, they Turkey and began breeding them in Italy due to their success in adapting to local conditions (changed "they stared to breeding them. them" to "began breeding them in Italy" for better grammar and clarity).
An apparent A clear divide exists between the writer and the professor on the author and professor regarding whether or not evidence supports a Turkish origin for Etruscans (changed "the reliability of Estruscans came from Turkey.Turkey" to "whether or not evidence supports a Turkish origin for Etruscans" for better clarity).
8. Mind Map
9. Keywords
| Word | Phonetic Symbol | Part of Speech | English Definition | Simplified Chinese Translation | Sample Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Etruscans | /ɪˈtruːskənz/ | Noun | An ancient civilization in Italy | 埃特鲁里亚人 | The Etruscans were known for their art and architecture. |
| Herodotus | /hɪˈrɒdətəs/ | Noun | A Greek historian | 希罗多德 | Herodotus is often referred to as the "Father of History." |
| Tyrrhenian | /tɪˈriːniən/ | Adjective | Relating to the ancient people of Etruria | 提洛尼亚的 | The Tyrrhenian language is believed to be related to the Etruscan language. |
| seafarers | /ˈsiːfeɪrərz/ | Noun | / People who regularly travel by sea | /航海者 | /The Etruscans were skilled seafarers and traders. |
| genetic analysis | /dʒəˈnɛtɪk əˈnælɪsɪs/ | /Noun | /The study of genes and their functions | /基因分析 | /Genetic analysis can help determine the origin of a species. |
| traders | /ˈtreɪdərz/ | Noun | /People who buy and sell goods or services | /贸易商 | /The Etruscans were known as skilled traders in the ancient world. |
| imported | /ɪmˈpɔːrtɪd/ | Adjective | /Brought in from another country | /进口的 | /The Etruscans might have imported cows from Turkey. |
| adapting | /əˈdæptɪŋ/ | Verb | /Adjusting to new conditions or environments | /适应 | /The cows imported by the Etruscans were successful in adapting to local conditions in Italy. |
| fabricated | /ˈfæbrɪkeɪtɪd/ | Adjective | /Invented or made up, usually with the intent to deceive | /捏造的 | /The professor believes that some of Herodotus' stories might be fabricated. |
| unreliable | /ʌnrɪˈlaɪəbəl/ | Adjective | /Not able to be trusted or depended on | /不可靠的 | Herodotus' accounts are considered unreliable by some historians due to inconsistencies. |
Section Title: 6. Article Revision
The debate surrounding the origin of the Etruscans is the focus of both the reading passage and the lecture. The reading presents three pieces of evidence supporting the theory that Etruscans came from a region in Turkey, including Herodotus' writings, the Etruscan language, and the type of cows they bred. However, the professor contends that each of these arguments has significant weaknesses.
Contrary to the reading's claim that Herodotus' writings indicate that Etruscans originated from Turkey, the professor argues that his accounts are not always reliable. She supports this by mentioning a story in Herodotus' work describing giant insects in a distant country capable of consuming humans, which seems to be fabricated. Consequently, it is possible that his account of Etruscans' origins might also be inaccurate.
The professor further challenges the assertion in the reading passage that traces of a related language called Tyrrhenian found near Turkey suggest an Etruscan origin in that region. Instead, she posits that Tyrrhenian could have originated from Italy. She explains that since Etruscans were skilled seafarers, they might have sailed from Italy and settled on an island near Turkey, introducing their language to that area rather than acquiring it there.
Lastly, while the reading claims that genetic analysis of cows bred by Etruscans indicates a Turkish origin for these animals and their breeders, the professor disputes this conclusion. She emphasizes that Etruscans were important traders who could have imported products such as farm animals through their trading connections. Therefore, it is plausible that they imported cows from Turkey and began breeding them in Italy due to their success in adapting to local conditions.
A clear divide exists between the author and professor regarding whether or not evidence supports a Turkish origin for Etruscans.
